Several Problems Press

Pyrophore: Karleen Gribble

index

Dr Karleen Dawn Gribble is an Australian academic in nursing and midwifery. She is also a promoter of anti-transgender disinformation and an activist against the healthcare and civil rights of transgender people.

Detail

Timeline

1992. Gribble receives the degree of Bachelor of Rural Science (Honours) from the University of New England.1

1999, June. Gribble completes her doctoral thesis in horticulture, “Towards an understanding of the physiological abnormality of tissue cultured plants known as vitrification,” at the University of Western Sydney.2

2001, November 1. Breastfeeding Review publishes an article, “Mother-to-mother support for women breastfeeding in unusual circumstances: a new method for an old model,” by Gribble (2001). This appears to be her first publication in the field of midwifery and nursing, which is her primary field from this point forward.

2022, February 7. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health publishes an article, “Effective communication about pregnancy, birth, lactation, breastfeeding, and newborn care: The importance of sexed language,” by Gribble, Bewley, Bartick et al (2022). Gribble is the first-credited and corresponding author.

Notable aspects of the article are as follows:

  • It states a number of stock arguments which are either specifically anti-transgender or more generally right-wing, relating to topics including diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), postmodernism, and queer theory.
  • At different times, it either explicitly asserts or else implies that trans-inclusive language causes a number of harms to women (a term into which Gribble groups anyone capable of becoming pregnant). General themes include that such language is inherently or otherwise consistently dehumanising, dismembering, imprecise, inaccurate, misleading, and objectifying. Specific claimed harms include that it contributes to obstetric violence, undermines breastfeeding, and is in opposition to the best interests of the child.
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as ideologically anti-transgender, or both, including:
    • Susan Bewley, a British obstetrician and anti-trans activist3 associated with anti-transgender activism in the British medical profession since approximately 20184;
    • Fair Play for Women, a British anti-trans activist group5;
    • the Gender-Critical (GC) Academic Network, an anti-trans pressure group based in the United Kingdom (possibly defunct as of 20266);
    • the Gender Dysphoria Alliance of Canada, a collaborationist-type anti-trans advocacy group7;
    • Graham Linehan, an Irish former television writer and current anti-trans activist8 with a record of violence against trans people including doxing9 and incitement to physical violence,10 as well as a conviction for criminal damage11 since overturned by British courts;
    • Murray Blackburn Mackenzie, a Scottish policy institute (“think tank”) which is an anti-trans pressure group12 co-founded by anti-trans activists Kath Murray13 and Lisa Mackenzie14;
    • Alice Sullivan, a British sociologist and anti-trans activist15 who has been an advisor to anti-trans hate group Sex Matters16.

2023, February 3. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health publishes an article, “Breastfeeding grief after chest masculinisation mastectomy and detransition: A case report with lessons about unanticipated harm,” by Gribble, Bewley & Dahlen (2023).

Gribble is, as indicated by the citation, the first-credited author, as well as the corresponding author. Susan Bewley, mentioned above, is the second-credited author.

Notable aspects of the article include the following:

  • It asserts that trans men and transmasculine people are being inadequately counselled about “harm” before top surgery (chest masculinisation surgery). The implication appears to be that the information is inadequate to render their consent informed, a contention which would necessarily17 render that consent invalid — if the contention were substantiated, which does not appear to be the case here or elsewhere in Gribble’s work.
  • It asserts that “transition regret is commonly reported in existing research”. It would be accurate to say that a number of reports of transition regret have been published, generally by a small number of distinct, identical sources with noticeable traits in common. However, the intended reading here is clearly that transition regret is definable primarily as regret of transition as a whole because it was inappropriate and that, as defined, it is statistically common. That claim is unequivocally false; to the contrary, research indicates that transition regret by that definition is quite rare.18
  • It asserts, on unclear grounds, that gender-affirming care providers who do not counsel their transmasculine patients about breastfeeding before providing them with top surgery “will … be open to medico-legal challenges”.
  • It asserts that trans people may lie about how they feel about the effects of their transition. Specifically, discussing potential distress about an inability to breastfeed after top surgery, it states that “transgender individuals may find it difficult to verbalise their distress because of a felt need to present transition interventions positively”.
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as ideologically anti-transgender, or both, including:
    • Dr Alison Clayton, an Australian psychiatrist and anti-trans activist19 affiliated with the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM),20 an international anti-trans pressure group21;
    • Dr Riittakerttu Kaltiala, a Finnish psychiatrist and anti-trans activist, who is also affiliated with SEGM,22 and with Genspect, another, closely related23 international anti-trans pressure group24;
    • Dr Lisa Littman, a United States academic and anti-trans activist25 best known for her association26 with the hypothesis of rapid-onset gender dysphoria, which was discredited27 near-immediately upon publication28 but continues to be frequently cited by anti-transgender activists.29

2025, January. Women and Birth, the journal of the Australian College of Midwives,30 publishes an article, “Sex, gender identity and women’s health research and equality: An urgent need for clarity of language and accurate data collection,” by Gribble, Callaway, Raven et al (2025).

As the citation indicates, Gribble is the first-credited author, as well as the corresponding author.

Notable aspects of the article are as follows:

  • It promotes the gamete theory of sex.
  • It falsely suggests that sexism takes place on the basis of essential biological sex. In reality, sexism is inflicted and experienced on the basis of gender.
  • It asserts that the term “woman” should be used even to refer to “people who have a gender identity that means they do not identify as female but who are female”.
  • It makes the surprising assertion that the use of the term “menstruators” by a previous study about menstruation, Wilbur et al (2021), constitutes an academic ethics violation because the participants in that study were not specifically asked for their consent to be described in that fashion.
  • It asserts, on unclear grounds, that allowing people to update their gender in their health records places them at “risk of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, delayed diagnosis, and improper treatment”.
  • It falsely characterises trans people who accurately report the sex to which they have transitioned as “misreport[ing] their sex”.
  • It falsely characterises two case reports, Stroumsa et al (2019) and Lao & Crowley (2020), as instances of situations where recognising trans people of a particular gender as members of that gender delivered worse health outcomes. In the second case this is a false characterisation of the underlying facts; in the first case it is a false characterisation of both the underlying facts and the report itself. See SP Press’ forthcoming fact checks on Stroumsa et al (2019) and Lao & Crowley (2020) for more.
  • It repeats a claim from Fair Play for Women (2021), which, through a roundabout framing concerning reporting of crime statistics in the United Kingdom, implies that trans women are, or are at the very least more likely than cis women to be, paedophiles.
  • It asserts that a particular question on gender in the 2021 Census of England and Wales, which used trans-inclusive language, was “flawed” in a way which “created spurious data” and required it to be disregarded, an assertion which is not generally understood to be true. To source the relevant fact claims, it cites two sources generally understood as anti-transgender activists: Michael Biggs (2024) and Hannah Barnes (2024) — for more on whom see the final bullet point of this section.
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as ideologically anti-transgender, or both, including:
    • Hannah Barnes, a British author and anti-transgender activist31;
    • Michael Biggs, a New Zealand sociologist and anti-transgender activist32 who, like Alison Clayton, is affiliated with SEGM33;
    • Fair Play for Women;
    • Graham Linehan;
    • Alice Sullivan.

2025, March 10. The Journal of Academic Ethics publishes an article, “Sex and gender identity: Data collection and language considerations for human research ethics committees and researchers,” by Munzer et al (2025). Gribble is the author last credited, and the corresponding author.

Notable aspects of the article include the following:

  • It restates the gamete theory of sex.
  • It suggests that trans womanhood is somehow built on “[t]he idea that ‘social roles’ … are in any way connected to making someone a woman”. While the basis of womanhood and understanding of one’s own gender in general is a subjective matter appropriate for academic comment, this is inconsistent with generally accepted conceptions of gender incongruence.
  • It cites Nakijoba et al (2025) as significant evidence that trans-inclusive language is perceived as “‘disrespectful’, ‘obscene’, and ‘shameful’.” This assertion is misleading to false. See SP Press’ forthcoming fact check on Nakijoba et al (2025) for more.
  • It asserts without citation that “There are unlikely to be individuals who describe themselves as ‘chestfeeding parents’ in the [Democratic Republic of the Congo]”. There appears to be no basis for this assertion other than stereotypy.
  • It suggests that Potter et al (2023), a work which it describes accurately enough as “recent research on pregnancy and parenting related workplace discrimination in Australia”, produced no relevant data because it did not specifically ask about biological sex in the construction favoured by Munzer et al, and thus did not produce data about “women’s experiences” and “mothers” as Munzer et al defined those terms (i.e., gestational parents and their experiences). This is not true; Potter et al specifically note (Potter et al, 2023, pp. 3–4) that they structured their questions to ascertain whether participants were themselves pregnant at the times concerned, so that, in fact, they objectively did produce data about gestational parents.
  • It makes at least two false assertions about the findings of Thornhill et al (2022), a 2022 study on mpox in women and nonbinary people during that year’s mpox outbreaks. Munzer et al assert that Thornhill et al found “vastly different epidemiological and clinical characteristics between the sexes”. Thornhill et al actually found that “the clinical features of [mpox] in women and nonbinary individuals were similar to those described in men” (Thornhill et al, 2022, p. 1,953). To the extent that epidemiological features differed — for instance inasmuch as trans women had a higher HIV infection rate than cis women — the study suggested that that difference was attributable to social determinants of health (Thornhill et al, 2022, p. 1,962), rather than being a matter of essential “biological sex”.
  • It makes the surprising assertion that the term “sex assigned at birth” is not only “absurd and unscientific,” but actually “offensive,” because it “claims that a choice is made to condemn half of newborns to the sexism imposed on girls and women within societies”. The assertion is surprising because it is not usually considered offensive to say that sexism is, in fact, a choice.
  • It repeats previous work’s assertions that institutional recognition and inclusion of trans people is culturally imperialistic and an abuse of power.
  • It repeats previous work’s false assertions that trans women are, or are more likely to be, paedophiles.
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as ideologically anti-transgender, or both, including:
    • Hannah Barnes;
    • Michael Biggs;
    • Alex Byrne, a United States academic philosopher and anti-trans activist34 who subsequently co-authored the fraudulent US Department of Health and Human Services report on youth trans healthcare released by the second administration of Donald Trump35;
      • specifically, a paper by Byrne in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, a scholarly journal whose major purposes have included being a gathering place for anti-transgender medical practitioners and scientists since its establishment in 197136;
    • Fair Play for Women;
    • Emma Hilton, a British developmental biologist and anti-trans activist37 who is a co-founder of Sex Matters38 and, as of 2026, the chair of its board of trustees39;
    • the late John Money, a New Zealand paedophile,40 psychologist, sexologist, and anti-trans commentator41;
    • Alice Sullivan;
    • Colin Wright, a United States biologist and anti-trans activist42 affiliated with SEGM and with the far-right Manhattan Institute for Policy Research.43

2025, March 18. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, the official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives,44 publishes an article, “Reconsidering ‘inclusive language:’ Consequences for healthcare and equitableness of a growing linguistic movement to address identity with a path forward,” by Bartick et al (2025). All authors are co-corresponding; Gribble is the last-credited author.

Notable aspects of the piece include the following:

  • It asserts, without obvious basis, that there are “countries where … gender identity is not relevant”.
  • It asserts that “the language of ‘people,” i.e., as opposed to ‘men’ or ‘women’, “is akin to ‘all lives matter’.”
  • It falsely asserts that Pezaro et al (2024) demanded the “exclusive” use of trans-inclusive language (while they recommended the use of actively trans-inclusive language by default, they did not recommend the exclusion of all other kinds).
  • In advancing the proposition that there exists “significant rejection” of trans-inclusive language, it falsely frames Kinney et al (2023), a pilot study in Vermont which tested the addition of inclusive language to the standardised Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool, as supporting that conclusion. Kinney et al actually found that “Most inclusive language was well understood and accepted by participants”.
  • In advancing the same proposition, it cites Ingram (2024), which at first glance appears to support its conclusions, without providing any further context. While the fact that the source is not peer-reviewed may or may not be adequately conveyed by Bartick et al‘s description of it as “a … market research survey,” they also omit the significantly more important fact that “all costs associated with [the] survey” were paid for by Do No Harm,45 an anti-trans pressure group designated an anti-LGBTQ+ hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.46 This introduces the question of sponsorship bias, a well-established phenomenon in market research.47
  • It asserts, on unclear grounds, that “gender identity is not culturally salient” in “many countries” where “English is utilized” and that in those countries “an understanding of the transgender or gender-diverse experience is, therefore, unusual”.
  • It asserts, on unclear grounds, that “terms such as ‘birthing people’ … cannot be accurately translated into local languages”.
  • It makes the surprising assertion that the use of trans-inclusive language in “many health and medical journals” is harmful on the basis that it is “associated with increased confusion for those from non-English-speaking backgrounds” and thus those individuals “may be unable to understand the text fully”. The assertion is surprising because, in order to understand any significant portion of most English “health and medical journals,” a reader would have to already have considerable facility with acquiring and using highly specialised and technical vocabulary derived from a not necessarily familiar philosophical frame. It is accordingly unclear why the emerging and/or established language of gender identity would present a new or insurmountable challenge.
  • It repeats assertions made without obvious basis in previous work regarding potential harms presented by the use of trans-inclusive language, saying for example that “using [trans-inclusive] language … very likely places many vulnerable individuals at risk, particularly if used in health communications”.
  • It makes the surprising assertion that there is “no demand that broad language changes must be made under threat of ‘erasure’” for marginalised groups including, among others, “people from different religious, cultural, and language backgrounds” and “people who experience disability or have medical conditions”. The assertion is surprising because there does, in fact, generally exist the expectation that institutions will take measures to ensure that people from different religious, cultural, and language backgrounds” and “people who experience disability or have medical conditions” have equal access to their services.
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as ideologically anti-trans, or both, including:
    • Michael Biggs;
    • Hannah Barnes;
    • Alex Byrne;
    • Carole Hooven, a United States anthropologist and anti-trans activist, who is married to Byrne,48 and who has promoted anti-trans pseudoscience in or at outlets including Fox News Channel49 and The New York Times50.
    • John Money;
    • Kathleen Stock, a British academic philosopher and anti-trans activist51 who is affiliated with the University of Austin, an unaccredited “anti-woke” United States tertiary institution,52 and who has been a trustee of LGB Alliance,53 a leading British anti-transgender pressure group.54

2025, July 29. Post Hill Press, a small United States press specialising in right-wing politics,55 publishes The war on science: Thirty-nine renowned scientists and scholars speak out about current threats to free speech, open inquiry, and the scientific process. The book is edited by Lawrence Krauss, a physicist and science communicator who had by this point fallen from mainstream attention after being found to have grabbed a woman’s breast uninvited,56 and was a friend of the late New York child sex trafficker, paedophile, and financier Jeffrey Epstein.57

The book is, in essence, a collection of various right-wing grievances against progressivism and the movement for social justice. Gribble’s contribution is an essay titled “The desexing of language in women’s health research and care: A story of marginalization of science, cultural imperialism, and the abuse of power” (Gribble, “The desexing,” 2025).

Consistent with the title, the essay largely recapitulates previous themes in work authored or co-authored by Gribble. Novel notable features exhibited by the essay include the following:

  • It uses marginally more trans-sceptical language than its predecessors, stating that “increasing numbers of individuals … are asserting they have a gender identity in conflict with their sex and so are transgender” and that transgender people “are considered a marginalized and suffering group” (emphasis Pyrophore‘s in both cases).
  • It asserts, without obvious basis, that “it soon became clear that the desexing of all communications was the end goal” of the introduction of trans-inclusive language.
  • It asserts, falsely, that Davis (2021), and the issue of The Lancet in which that paper was published, described women as “bodies with vaginas”. In fact, Davis referred to women as “women” 5 times throughout the piece, and did not describe them in any other fashion, but on one occasion referred to “the anatomy and physiology of bodies with vaginas”. (The purportedly problematic cover of that issue of The Lancet is simply a quotation of that passage.) Unless the contention is that the vagina is a subdivision of the essential person rather than of the body — i.e., that the soul is sexed — then this phrase “describes women as ‘bodies with vaginas’” only to the same extent that the phrase “the anatomy and physiology of the human body” describes humans as bodies.
  • It dismisses support for trans inclusion by “academics of non-Western backgrounds,” on the basis that “these academics were educated in and living in the US or other Western countries, and the underpinning of queer theory and ideas regarding gender identity in their views is unmistakable”. In particular, one academic is dismissed on the grounds that they undertook their graduate studies in gender studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where well-known gender theorist Judith Butler is on faculty.
  • It asserts, misleadingly, that “it is a mistake” to see “the Fa’fa’fine [sic; faʻafāfine] of Samoa or Khawaja Sira of Pakistan” as “transgender,” that “[t]o do so is … ‘gender colonialism’,” and that it “ignores the diminishment of such culture-bound understandings that is occurring as the concept of gender identity spreads”. It is strictly true that neither faʻafāfine nor khawaja sira identities correspond 1-to-1 to transgender people. However, the way this is phrased communicates the meaning that faʻafāfine and members of the khawaja sira community form separate communities which are clearly delineated from being transgender. This is not the case. The terms faʻafāfine and khawaja sira are both treated as having considerable overlap or synonymy with transgender (or related terms, such as trans woman) by members of the community in defining themselves, and by people from the same cultural background in discussing them.58
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as being ideologically anti-transgender, or both, including:
    • the Clinical Advisory Network on Sex and Gender, a British anti-trans pressure and medical disinformation group with which Susan Bewley, Michael Biggs, and Riittakerttu Kaltiala, among others, had previously worked59;
    • Milli Hill, a British author and anti-transgender activist60 who is affiliated with Sex Matters, an anti-trans pressure group, as a member of its advisory group61;
    • Graham Linehan;
    • John Money;
    • Kath Murray;
    • Alice Sullivan;
    • Paul Vasey, a Canadian evolutionary psychologist and promoter of anti-transgender disinformation.62

2025, October 29. The Archives of Sexual Behavior publishes an article, “A proposal for terminology for clear communication and avoidance of confusion in relation to sex, the social expectations of the sexes and gender identity,” by Gribble (“A proposal,” 2025). Gribble is, as indicated by the citation, the sole author.

Notable aspects of the article include the following:

  • It uses slightly more specifically transmisogynistic language than previous work. At one point, it refers to trans men as people who “may be female and have a gender identity of a man,” and to nonbinary people as people who “may have a gender identity of neither man nor woman or of both simultaneously,” but describing trans women and transfeminine people differently, as people who “may be male but say they have a gender identity of a woman” (emphasis ours). The additional words impute that trans women in particular may be lying about their gender.
  • It asserts, based on two anti-transgender activist sources — Murray & Hunter Blackburn (2019) and Sullivan (2020) — that “rapid changes in law, policy, data collection, and communication” “have been noted as having a disproportionate impact on girls and women”.
  • It asserts, unexpectedly, that “sex is related to but distinct from sex characteristics”. This is unexpected for two reasons:
    • The gamete theory of sex which is assumed throughout Gribble’s work — including this work explicitly — is, itself, based on a sex characteristic;
    • Sex characteristics are the way in which sex is empirically real. Asserting that sex is distinct from sex characteristics is tantamount to assigning it the status of magic.
  • It asserts, falsely, that Whitley & Greene (2017), a case report about a transgender man, indicates that he experienced negative health outcomes due to what Gribble represents as his biological sex. For more detail, see the forthcoming SP Press fact check on Whitley & Greene (2017).
  • It asserts, falsely, that Fausto-Sterling (2025) analyses “gender identity development in young children” in terms “entirely focused on sex stereotypes”, including children’s attraction to “boy toys” or “girl toys”. In fact, Fausto-Sterling’s paper includes a historical analysis of the use of those terms in child psychology, but does so for the purpose of then advocating ways for gender/sex researchers to move beyond them.
  • It recommends that the term “gender norms” should be avoided, and that the terms “social expectations of the sexes” should be used instead. If Gribble’s definition of sex (as immutable and based on reproductive arrangement) is used, then this recommendation is incoherent. Society interacts with trans women in the same ways it interacts with other women, and continues to do so even when it is aware that they are trans. For more on this, see, e.g., “gender-based violence” below.
  • It recommends that the term “gender pay gap” should be avoided, and that the terms “sex pay gap” and “male–female pay gap” should be used instead. If Gribble’s definition of sex is used, then this recommendation is incoherent. Statistical surveys consistently show trans men and trans women as groups are paid less than cisgender people, and trans women are paid less than trans men.63 Grouping trans women with cis men would cause the “male” wage level to appear lower than it is; grouping trans men with cis women would also cause the apparent “female” wage level to decrease, but because trans men are substantially closer “behind” cis women than trans women are behind cis men, it would do so by less. Accordingly, if calculated on the basis Gribble suggests, the pay gap would appear to have closed to some degree, when in fact no such closure would have occurred.
  • It recommends, on unclear grounds, that the term “gender-based violence” should be avoided, and that the term “sex-based violence” should be used instead. If Gribble’s definition of sex is used, then this recommendation is incoherent. Part of the way in which society treats trans women as women — as discussed above — is in the patterns of gender-based violence it systematically inflicts.
  • It suggests, falsely, that Pezaro et al (2024) — by now clearly something of a bee in the author’s bonnet — provides support for the assertion that “while ‘patriarchy’ was conceptualized as a system and/or society organized in such a way that men hold power over women, it is now not uncommonly used to refer to structures oppressing any marginalized group”. There is no obvious, or indeed any apparent interpretatively possible, support in Pezaro et al for this assertion.
  • It restates false assertions from previous work concerning Stroumsa et al (2019).
  • It asserts, on unclear grounds, that trans people “changing their sex marker in their health record” is itself an “adverse outcome”.
  • It cites a number of sources which are non-peer-reviewed, broadly accepted as ideologically anti-transgender, or both:
    • Michael Biggs, including on one occasion in the Journal of Controversial Ideas, an independent nominally scholarly journal operated and edited primarily by anti-transgender activists64;
    • Alex Byrne, including in the Archives of Sexual Behavior;
    • Emma Hilton;
    • Colin Wright;
    • John Money, in the Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy;
    • Murray Blackburn Mackenzie collectively, as well as a work co-authored by Kath Murray;
    • Alice Sullivan.

Citations and footnotes

  1. James (“Karleen Gribble,” 2025). ↩︎
  2. Gribble (1999). ↩︎
  3. James (“Susan Bewley,” 2024). ↩︎
  4. In that year, Bewley co-authored Byng et al (2018). ↩︎
  5. James (“Fair Play for Women,” 2026), Pearce et al (2020). ↩︎
  6. As of 9 June 2026, the link in Gribble, Bewley, Bartick et al is dead, and Pyrophore was unable to locate other evidence that the group continues to operate. ↩︎
  7. Serano (2021). ↩︎
  8. Blackall (2020); Horbury & Yao (2020); James (“Graham Linehan,” 2026). ↩︎
  9. Ramsay (2022). ↩︎
  10. Bushby (2025). ↩︎
  11. Peplow (2025). ↩︎
  12. See, e.g., PA Media (2024). ↩︎
  13. James (“Kath Murray,” 2025). ↩︎
  14. James (“Lisa Mackenzie,” 2025). ↩︎
  15. Valkyrie (2025); James (“Alice Sullivan,” 2026). ↩︎
  16. Hansford (2025). ↩︎
  17. See Sydney Criminal Defence and Traffic Lawyers (2025), which summarises the law in the jurisdiction where Gribble is based. However, the same principles apply in most jurisdictions. ↩︎
  18. Turban et al (2021). ↩︎
  19. James (“Alison Clayton,” 2024). ↩︎
  20. Clayton et al (2022). ↩︎
  21. James (“Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine,” 2026). ↩︎
  22. Jones (2023). ↩︎
  23. Moore (2021). ↩︎
  24. James (“Riittakerttu Kaltiala,” 2026). ↩︎
  25. James (“Lisa Littman,” 2025). ↩︎
  26. Littman (2018). ↩︎
  27. Restar (2019). ↩︎
  28. Paxson & Locke (2018). ↩︎
  29. Southern Poverty Law Center (“Manufacturing the doubt,” 2023). ↩︎
  30. Australian College of Midwives (n.d.). ↩︎
  31. James (“Hannah Barnes,” 2026). ↩︎
  32. James (“Michael Biggs,” 2025). ↩︎
  33. Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (n.d.). ↩︎
  34. James (“Alex Byrne,” 2026). ↩︎
  35. Byrne (2025). ↩︎
  36. James (“Archives of Sexual Behavior,” 2025). ↩︎
  37. James (“Emma Hilton,” 2026). ↩︎
  38. Mitchell (2025). ↩︎
  39. Sex Matters (“Emma Hilton,” n.d.). ↩︎
  40. Colapinto (1997). ↩︎
  41. James (“John Money,” 2025). ↩︎
  42. James (“Colin Wright,” 2026). ↩︎
  43. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research (“Colin Wright,” n.d.). ↩︎
  44. Swedish Association of Midwives (n.d.). ↩︎
  45. Ingram (2024), p. 4. ↩︎
  46. Southern Poverty Law Center (“Anti-LGBTQ,” n.d.). ↩︎
  47. Lynch (2022). ↩︎
  48. James (“Carole Hooven,” 2026). ↩︎
  49. Xu (2021). ↩︎
  50. Byrne & Hooven (2024). ↩︎
  51. James (“Kathleen Stock,” 2026). ↩︎
  52. Shephard (2021). ↩︎
  53. Geist (2021). ↩︎
  54. Turnbull-Dugarte & McMillan (2022), p. 6. ↩︎
  55. Cain (2021). ↩︎
  56. Wadman (2018). ↩︎
  57. Vanderklippe & Morrow (2025). ↩︎
  58. See, e.g., Fiavaai (2023), Javed (2016), Lu (2019), Tarar (2017), Tominiko (2022). ↩︎
  59. James (“Clinical Advisory Network on Sex and Gender,” 2026). ↩︎
  60. James (“Milli Hill,” 2026). ↩︎
  61. Sex Matters (“Milli Hill,” n.d.). ↩︎
  62. James (“Paul Vasey,” 2026). ↩︎
  63. See, e.g., Commission for Gender Equality in the Public Sector (2023), Human Rights Campaign Foundation (n.d.). ↩︎
  64. James (“‘The Journal of Controversial Ideas’,” 2026). ↩︎

References

Akumu, P. (2014, February 22). Yoweri Museveni: a dictator with nothing left to promise Uganda. The Guardian (The Scott Trust). Retrieved 9 June 2026.

Australian College of Midwives (n.d.). Women and Birth | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier. Women and Birth. Retrieved 6 June 2026.

Barnes, H. (2024, September 18). Data and ideology don’t mix. The New Statesman. Retrieved 9 June 2026.

Bartick, M., Dahlen, H., Gamble, J., Walker, S., Mathisen, R., & Gribble, K. (2025, March 18). Reconsidering “inclusive language:” Consequences for healthcare and equitableness of a growing linguistic movement to address gender identity with a path forward. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 44, 101088. Retrieved 9 June 2026.

Blackall, M. (2020, June 27). Twitter closes Graham Linehan account after trans comment. The Guardian (The Scott Trust). Retrieved 10 June 2026.

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Metadata

  • Version: 1 (10 June 2026).
  • Created: 10 June 2026.